Justia Government & Administrative Law Opinion Summaries

In July 2018, Brian Lawler, a pretrial detainee, committed suicide at a county jail in Hardeman County, Tennessee. Lawler's father, Jerry Lawler, brought a lawsuit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that the officers had been deliberately indifferent to the risk that Brian would commit suicide. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that the officers were entitled to qualified immunity because the laws in place at the time of the suicide did not clearly establish that the officers’ actions violated the Constitution. The court noted that in 2018, to hold officers liable for failing to prevent a pretrial detainee’s suicide, it was necessary to prove that the officers subjectively believed there was a strong likelihood the inmate would commit suicide. The evidence showed that the officers did not subjectively believe that Lawler was likely to take his life. Therefore, the court reversed the district court’s denial of qualified immunity to the officers. View "Lawler v. Hardeman County" on Justia Law

In a case heard before the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, plaintiff Jeffrey Hughes, an inmate in a Tennessee state prison, sued the Tennessee Board of Parole, alleging that the Board's refusal to move up his parole hearing date resulted in his overincarceration. Hughes believed that a recent change in state law entitled him to an earlier parole hearing. The Board refused his request, and he was paroled about three months after the date he believed he became eligible for release. The district court dismissed the case on the ground that the defendants, members of the Board, were absolutely immune from suit for their acts. Hughes then appealed.The Court of Appeals affirmed the district court’s decision, holding that the members of the Tennessee Board of Parole were entitled to absolute immunity from damages suits challenging its decision on when to hold a parole hearing. The court found that the Board's decision to schedule (or not to reschedule) a parole hearing was a judicial act, akin to a judge scheduling a court hearing. As such, the defendants were acting in a quasi-judicial capacity and were entitled to absolute immunity. The court also rejected Hughes's arguments of judicial estoppel and res judicata, stating that the defendants could not have raised their immunity defense in the previous state suit and thus were not barred from raising it in the present federal suit. View "Hughes v. Duncan" on Justia Law

The case involves Indian citizens Sanket and Nehaben Patel who sued the Director of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, Ur Jaddou, under the Administrative Procedure Act for unreasonable delay in processing their applications for U visas. After their visas were granted, the Director moved to dismiss the case for mootness and attached an exhibit showing the applications' approval. The Director then realized she had not filed the exhibit under seal, violating the rule prohibiting the disclosure of information relating to noncitizens who are U visa applicants and recipients. The Patels sought civil penalties for the disclosure of their personal information. The district court dismissed the case and denied the Patels' motion for civil penalties, stating that any disclosure was not willful.The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed the district court's decision. The court held that the Director's disclosure of the Patels' visa application status was not "willful" under 8 U.S.C. § 1367(c). The court reasoned that the term "willful" refers to actions that are intentional or knowing, as opposed to accidental. The court noted that the Director realized her mistake in not filing the exhibit under seal, promptly contacted the court to seal the exhibit, and the information disclosed was already revealed in the Patels’ unsealed complaint. Therefore, the disclosure was not considered willful but at most amounted to negligence. View "Patel v. Jaddou" on Justia Law

In August 2020, a joint federal task force between the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) and the Cincinnati Police Department (CPD) attempted to arrest Mason Meyer. While fleeing from CPD officers, Meyer crashed into a restaurant, killing Gayle and Raymond Laible and severely injuring Steven and Maribeth Klein. The Laibles’ estate and the Kleins filed a lawsuit alleging that three CPD officers were negligent in their execution of the high-speed car chase. The officers claimed they were federal employees and therefore immune from common-law tort actions due to their participation in the federal task force. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that CPD Sergeant Donald Scalf was a federal employee acting within the scope of his employment during the chase and therefore immune under the Westfall Act. However, it affirmed the district court's denial of immunity for Sergeant Timothy Lanter and Officer Brett Thomas, as they were not federal employees at the time of the incident. View "Laible v. Lanter" on Justia Law

In the case before the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, Leslie Fisher sued officers Randall Jordan, Matthew Rice, and John Trefelet of the Michigan State Police for violating federal and state law by arresting her without probable cause. Fisher and her husband were arrested after the officers executed a search warrant and found marijuana growing in their garage. All charges against Fisher were eventually dismissed in state court. She then filed a federal lawsuit against the arresting officers.The officers moved for summary judgment, invoking qualified immunity in response to Fisher's federal claims of arrest and prosecution without probable cause under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and governmental immunity for her state claims of false arrest, false imprisonment, and malicious prosecution. The district court granted summary judgment to the officers, concluding that they had probable cause to arrest Fisher.On appeal, the Sixth Circuit affirmed the district court's decision. The court found that the officers had probable cause to believe that Fisher had committed the crime of possession of at least 5,000 grams of marijuana with the intent to distribute, based on various pieces of evidence. This included the fact that Fisher lived at and owned the site of the marijuana cultivation operation, and that she admitted to using marijuana grown by her husband. The court also found that the large quantity of marijuana in the Fishers' garage supported probable cause to infer intent to distribute.The court further concluded that the officers were entitled to governmental immunity from Fisher's state law claims, as the probable cause analysis for federal Fourth Amendment claims is the same under Michigan law. Since the officers had probable cause to suspect that Fisher possessed an illegal quantity of marijuana with the intent to distribute, they were entitled to governmental immunity from Fisher's state law claims. View "Fisher v. Jordan" on Justia Law

In this case, Timmy Mosier, a man arrested for public intoxication, brought federal civil rights and state tort claims against Officer Joseph Evans and Crockett County, Tennessee. Mosier alleged that Officer Evans used excessive force resulting in serious injury when he pulled Mosier to the ground causing him to hit his head. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that Officer Evans was entitled to qualified immunity on Mosier's federal excessive-force and inadequate-medical-care claims because Mosier failed to demonstrate that Evans violated a clearly established statutory or constitutional right. The court also affirmed the grant of summary judgment in favor of Crockett County on Mosier's federal municipal-liability claim, finding that Mosier failed to show that a municipal policy or custom caused the alleged violation of his rights. The court also affirmed the dismissal of Mosier's state-law negligence claims against Evans in his official capacity and against Crockett County under the Tennessee Governmental Tort Liability Act's civil-rights exception. However, the court reversed the dismissal of Mosier's negligence claim against Evans in his personal capacity. View "Mosier v. Evans" on Justia Law

In the case before the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, the defendant, Thomas O’Lear, was convicted of healthcare fraud, making a false statement in connection with healthcare services, and aggravated identity theft. O’Lear ran a company that provided mobile x-ray services to residents in nursing homes. However, he used the company to defraud Medicare and Medicaid programs by billing for fictitious x-rays using the identities of nursing-home residents. When an audit revealed the fraud, O’Lear attempted to conceal it by forging staff names and duplicating x-rays in the patient files.On appeal, O’Lear raised several questions. Firstly, he questioned whether his Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury was violated by excluding individuals who had not been vaccinated against COVID-19 from the jury pool. The court ruled that the unvaccinated do not qualify as a “distinctive group” that can trigger Sixth Amendment concerns. Secondly, O’Lear questioned whether the nursing-home residents were “victims” of his fraud under a “vulnerable victims” sentencing enhancement, even though the monetary losses were suffered by Medicare and Medicaid. The court ruled that the residents were indeed victims, as O’Lear had used their identities and health records without their permission, which constituted taking advantage of them.O’Lear also challenged his two aggravated-identity-theft convictions and objected to his 180-month sentence on various grounds, but these arguments were also dismissed by the court. Ultimately, the court affirmed O’Lear's conviction and sentence. View "United States v. O'Lear" on Justia Law

In this case, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed the lower court's decision that the motion to intervene by Local Roots Cannabis Company (Local Roots) was moot due to a settlement between the plaintiffs, Liberty Wellness, LLC and Jonathan Moses, and the defendant, the City of Perry, Michigan. The litigation arose after the City refused to implement a voter-approved marijuana facility licensing scheme, which the plaintiffs sought to compel through a declaratory relief action. While the litigation was pending, Local Roots, which received a license under the City's alternative licensing regime, moved to intervene. However, before the court ruled on the intervention motion, the plaintiffs and the City settled their dispute and dismissed the case, causing the court to deem the intervention motion moot. Local Roots appealed, arguing that the stipulation of dismissal was invalid because it did not consent to it and that its intervention motion was not moot because the lower court retained jurisdiction to enforce the settlement agreement. The appeals court held that Local Roots did not become a party under Rule 41 until the district court granted its motion to intervene and that it did not need to sign the stipulation for it to be effective, confirming the validity of the stipulation of dismissal. Furthermore, the court clarified that the dismissal of the case mooted Local Roots' motion to intervene as the lower court only retained jurisdiction to enforce the settlement agreement and not to reopen the whole case. View "Moses v. City of Perry, Mich." on Justia Law

In a dispute involving a power grid operator, PJM Interconnection, L.L.C., and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled that the Chairman of FERC exceeded his authority by seeking a remand of a ratemaking challenge without the support of other Commission members.The case originated when PJM filed a request to modify its existing rates for electricity reserves, arguing that the existing rates were unjust and unreasonable. Initially, FERC agreed and approved the new rates. However, after a change in FERC's composition and a unilateral decision by the Chairman to request a voluntary remand from the D.C. Circuit for reconsideration, FERC reversed its decision and found PJM's evidence insufficient.The Sixth Circuit's ruling focused on the procedural irregularity, specifically the Chairman's unilateral decision to seek a remand, which it deemed exceeded his administrative authority. The court stated that a quorum majority must decide the Commission’s policy and dealings with the outside world, and the Chairman acting alone does not meet this requirement. As such, the court vacated the part of FERC's rehearing order that claimed the Chairman had this unilateral authority and remanded the matter back to FERC to address this issue.The court did not address the substantive issue of whether FERC's reversal on the ratemaking decisions was arbitrary and capricious. It noted that any interested party may renew a petition to challenge that decision after FERC resolves the procedural issue. View "PJM Power Providers Grp. v. FERC" on Justia Law

In a case involving the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and the Electric Power Supply Association and PJM Power Providers Group (collectively, PJM), the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit had to address two questions. The first was whether the Chairman of FERC exceeded his authority when he moved for a remand of a ratemaking challenge without the support of any other members of the Commission, and the second was whether FERC's underlying ratemaking decisions were arbitrary and capricious.The case arose from PJM's request to FERC to raise the reserve price cap for electricity from $850 to $2,000 per megawatt hour and to replace the flat $300 per megawatt hour cap after Step 1 with a downward sloping price schedule. Initially, FERC agreed with PJM that the existing price cap and stepwise demand curve were unjust and unreasonable. However, after a change in the composition of the FERC, the Commission sought a voluntary remand from the D.C. Circuit to reconsider its prior decisions. The D.C. Circuit granted the unopposed motion for remand. On remand, the Commission reversed its previous decision and found PJM's evidence insufficient to show that the price caps for reserves and stepwise demand curve were unjust and unreasonable.PJM and others sought rehearing before the Commission, citing a procedural irregularity - the Chairman had directed FERC's Solicitor to seek remand without first informing the other Commissioners - and challenging the substance of the agency’s shift in views. The Commission rejected the request for rehearing but issued a modified order, reaching the same result, and reasoning that Chairman Glick had the unilateral authority to make the remand motion.The Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that the Chairman of FERC exceeded his legal authority when he requested a remand in the name of the Commission on his own. The court vacated part of the Commission’s order claiming the Chairman had this unilateral authority and remanded the case back to the Commission to decide what, if anything, it could or would have done differently in response to this legal mistake. The court did not rule on whether FERC's underlying ratemaking decisions were arbitrary and capricious, leaving it to the Commission to first resolve the legal mistake. View "Electric Power Supply Ass'n v. FERC" on Justia Law